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Essay on The Likelihood of Becoming a Film Editor - 602 Words

Have you ever thought of what career path you would like to follow when you grow older? Everyday young people inch closer and closer to the time of decision for the career they would like to pursue for the rest of their life. This one decision can often be influenced by the current economy condition and how much money you can earn yearly or monthly. Recession and its’ effects In 2008 many people were changing and choosing to take a different career path due to unstable economic condition. Some causes of the recession in 2008 include a sudden rise in price of oil, â€Å"irresponsible† usage of Loan, and a weak Dollar (Governing). Right before the recession many American citizens were charging items to their credit cards and then not paying off†¦show more content†¦They work with cinematographers and sound editors to bring sight and sound together within a movie. There are several different tasks a film editor must engage in throughout the making of a movie: they read the shooting script and meet with the director to understand their vision for the film. Editors visit the locations during filming to gain a sense of how the shooting is progressing. They go through footage, once shooting is done, and select scenes based on how well they fit in with the story line and how effective the scene is at capturing the audience’s attention. The editor looks for the best combination of photography, performance, consistency and timing. Film Editors trim the segments of footage to the lengths needed for the film and assemble them into the best order to tell the story (How Stuff Works). Statistics and Salary of a Film Editor The current salary for a film editor is, for the tenth percentile, $25,660. For the twenty-fifth percentile the salary is $34,580. The fiftieth or median percentile salary is $51,300. If you’re a more experience film editor and you land in the seventy-fifth percentile the average salary is $79,380. If you are an excellent editor the average salary is $119,250. From research I discovered locations in which one may have a good chance of becoming a film editor. Those locations include California, New York, Florida,Show MoreRelatedPositive Effects Of Celebrity Worshipping On Society1901 Words   |  8 PagesA celebrity is a famous person more often in areas about entertainment such as music, sports, films, and writing. Celebrity worship, on the other hand, involves an addictive and obsessive disorder where someone becomes excessively interested and involved in the personal life of a celebrity. The worshipping occasionally comes with either positive or negative effect depending on the behavior, and character one picks from such high profile personalities. In this research paper, we are going to focusRead MoreRenting and Netflix8217 Words   |  33 Pagesreferred to as video-on-demand (VOD), would quickly impact the large user base for Netflix’s core business. Hastings looked across the third floor of the office building and the conference rooms named for some of his staff’s favorite films. A love of movies clearly ran deep among Netflix employees, and he was confident that one way or another, his team would maintain the company’s position as a leader in the home video market. But, as he reflected upon the years of investmentRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MoreImpact Of Marketing On Marketing Management9107 Words   |  37 Pagesthe data becomes available in the public domain or at least is known inside the particular app. Positioning the advertisements strategically into these apps based on the location, age, ethnicity, gender and preferences of people can increase the likelihood of a product being promoted be sold. Another factor that is of concern is to keep the promotion of products in line with the theme of the app. For instance, a cricket game app can be used for in-app advertisements of sports shoes but it is highlyRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pagesprogressive  media watchdog  groups for not only mainstreaming the New World Order conspiracy theories of the  radical right  but possibly agitating its  lone wolves  into action.[21][22][23][24] In 2009, American film directors Luke Meyer and  Andrew Neel  released  New World Order, a critically-acclaimed documentary film which explores the world of conspiracy theorists, such as American radio host  Alex Jones, who are committed to exposing and vigorously opposing what they perceive to be an emerging New World OrderRead MoreConjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice 13113 Words   |  53 Pagesof Marketing, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. V. Srinivasan is the Ernest C. Arbuckle Professor of Marketing and Management Science, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. The authors thank four anonymous JM reviewers and the Editor for their comments on a previous version of the article. Conjoint analysis continues to be popular. Witdnk and Cattin (1989) estimate that about 4()0 commercial applications per year were carded out during the early 1980s. Some of the highlightsRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23627 Words   |  95 Pages[1944] AC 116. If a defamatory statement made of a class or group can reasonably be understood to refer to every member of it, each one has a cause of action. In Pryke v The Advertiser Newspapers Ltd (1984) 37 SASR 175, a Letter to the Editor published in The Advertiser criticised the conduct of proceedings by an Industrial Commissioner, without specifying by name which of the 4 Commissioners had been concerned. All 4 Commissioners succeeded on the basis that the letter was defamatoryRead MoreMedia Law: Defamation, Copyright, Etc23639 Words   |  95 PagesExpress [1944] AC 116. If a defamatory statement made of a class or group can reasonably be understood to refer to every member of it, each one has a cause of action. In Pryke v The Advertiser Newspapers Ltd (1984) 37 SASR 175, a Letter to the Editor published in The Advertiser criticised the conduct of proceedings by an Industrial Commissioner, without specifying by name which of the 4 Commissioners had been concerned. All 4 Commissioners succeeded on the basis that the letter was defamatoryRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagestrying to extend. The second is Jim Levine, my literary agent, the man who took a look at 200-odd pages of manuscript a year or so ago and allowed as how, although it wasn’t a book, it might have possibilities. And the third is Virginia Smith, my editor, who has been guiding me this past year through the bizarre intricacies of the book publishing business. There remains one last group of people to name, those who have been at the center of almost anything I have ever undertaken: my parents, GeorgeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesof at first. For example, in the camping situation with Emilio and Juanita, you might have quickly agreed to let Emilio taste the water first to see whether it had Giardia. Perhaps only later would you have thought about the consequence of his becoming too sick to hike back out of the forest. Would you have been able to carry him back to safety? Faced with a question of what to do or believe, logical reasoners try to weigh the pros and cons if they have the time; they search around for reasons

The Nuclear Threat Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Nuclear Threat Essay, Research Paper The United States, one time a guardian of universe peace and an international constabulary power, seems today to be loosening the clasp that has in the past prevented so much force through out the universe. At a clip when # 8220 ; rebel # 8221 ; states are build uping with atomic arms, the Senate has voted non to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, a papers that in the President # 8217 ; s words # 8220 ; is critical to protecting the American people from the dangers of atomic war # 8221 ; . This is a soberly erroneous determination by the United States authorities, particularly at a clip when the state of Pakistan has once more strayed from a democratic regulation and fallen into the custodies of a armed forces besides in ownership of atomic arms and the agencies to present them. The state of affairs is made worse yet by the fact that tenseness between Pakistan and India is constructing to the point of armed confrontation and both states have late flexed their military musculus by proving missiles capable of bringing mayhem on those so unfortunate as to be their targe T. Of class, the fact that Iran, a state that is notoriously anti-American, supports Pakistan doesn’t do much to spread the state of affairs. Oppositions of the pact have, as Mr. Clinton put it, offered no manner out, no other agencies of maintaining states around the universe from developing atomic armories and endangering our security. Possibly the scariest construct about the fortunes of the pact # 8217 ; s veto is that the determination was driven non by concern for a better hereafter, non by good ethical motives, but by some apparently anachronic belief in lodging with their party. The senators who voted against the pact, it seems, were worried more about maintaining the GOP strong than about protecting their kids from possible atomic desolation. What does this state about our ability to cover with crises on a expansive graduated table if the authorities won # 8217 ; t even see the best involvements of the governed? The senators who voted against this pact are perilously out of touch. Possibly we need another 50 old ages on the threshold of obliteration to convey them back to world.

Organizational Behavior Principles and the Failure of WorldCom Essay Example

Organizational Behavior Principles and the Failure of WorldCom Essay In 2002, WorldCom collapsed and filed for bankruptcy after it was overwhelmed by frequent decadence of their profits. In addition, the company was facing one of the greatest accounting fraud scandals reporting irregularities of up to $11 billion. According to Calkins and Romar (2006) WorldCom acquired a combined loss of $73.7 billion which hastened its total demise. The organization had been built through acquisitions which also contributed to the loss including other factors like poor leadership and provision of individual loans to senior executive members. The emerging fraudulent and other unethical behaviors contributed to WorldCom’s fall from the helm of the telecommunication industry. It is evident that the organization’s leadership and management structure was extensively flawed making it vulnerable to failure. This paper seeks to evaluate organizational behavior principles which can illustrate why WorldCom failed as well as predicted its collapse. WorldCom’s leadership and management structures were largely responsible for the organizations’ failure. In assessing leadership and management behaviors within the organization it is evident that there existed a bureaucracy where leaders provided the final decisions and where they were not to be questioned. An effective organizational leadership ideology requires that all organizational members contribute to the organization’s goal setting and implementation. Miner (2002, p.293) asserts that leaders should participate actively in the organization by portray firm but positive leadership. Leaders should not force decisions onto employees as was observed at WorldCom. As illustrated by Scharff (2005) WorldCom’s main focus was on team work where employees were encouraged to become team players especially in decision making. Such poor leadership contributed to the spread of a groupthink attitude within the organization. Ideally, this strategy was used to repres s any unwanted independent views and opinions. A Groupthink attitude is characterized by moral superiority, group pressure, self-reserve and invulnerability. Consequently, it becomes almost impossible for an organization to engage in effective decision making which can lead to failed organizational strategies. As an organizational behavior theory, the groupthink theory explains and even predicted WorldCom’s failure since employees’ opinions were discouraged incisively and conformity encouraged. In fact, leaders made it clear that employees were free to leave if they did not find the working environment to their satisfaction. More so, leaders were only willing to work with individuals who shared similar ideologies with them. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Principles and the Failure of WorldCom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Principles and the Failure of WorldCom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Principles and the Failure of WorldCom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sims (1992) indicates that groupthink attitudes are likely to contribute to unethical behaviors in organizations. Such unethical behaviors were observed at WorldCom in the accounting fraud scandal among other minor fraudulent practices. Improper conduct was being observed in most levels of the organization due to an entrenched culture of unethical behavior. In addition, the CEO was observed to submit falsified reports and also pressured executives and other employees to achieve their goals regardless of the means even using fraud. While under such stress it is highly probable that employees within an organization develop coping mechanisms which include negative and unethical practices. Such defenses developed by employees result to misjudging of critical warnings, failing to explore consequences of ambiguous events, misinterpretation of crucial information and misperception of the emergence of danger or threats in a situation. This explains why WorldCom’s failure was predictab le as these characteristics were out rightly observable. The pressure in such organizations manages to erode the self confidence of individual employees to the extent that they cannot question any negative practices carried out by their superiors. Lower level employees at WorldCom were under immense pressure because they seemed to follow all directives from their superiors even in falsifying financial accounts. A sound organizational structure involves effective leadership and organizational cooperation which was intricately lacking at WorldCom. Indeed, the organizational structure was characterized by poor values, ethics and even encouraged fraudulent practices. WorldCom utilized a growth strategy which significantly contributed to its collapse mainly because its success was doomed from the very start. Initially, WorldCom failed to put into consideration that their strategy of mergers and acquisitions would be quite costly, time consuming and that it also presented major managerial challenges. According to Hellriegel and Slocum (2007, p.3 02) it is vital for organizations to devise effective strategies for managing organizational conflicts and challenges. The critical nature of this element cannot be overemphasized as failure to do so amounts to organizational collapse. Even though WorldCom had managed to acquire numerous companies, they were unable to integrate them effectively in the organization. Instead, there were indications of uncoordinated, conflicting and repetitive systems. From the above discussion, it is evident that WorldCom was set for failure from the very beginning due to its organizational behavior, leadership and management malpractices, poor governance and an ineffective organizational structure. The emerging fraudulent practices and unethical conduct should have instigated concerns amongst all stakeholders either from within or without the organization. It would have served the organization positively if leadership changes were executed after the first reports of misconduct and other regulatory measures applied to ensure proper governance. Observing organizational behavior should be an ongoing activity which can be utilized in formulating preventive measures and resolutions to organizational challenges. References Calkins, M., Romar, E. (2006). WorldCom Case Study Update. University of Massachusetts- Boston. Retrieved on June 3rd, 2008 from: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/worldcom-update.html Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J.W. (2007). Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH: Thomson Learning, Inc. Miner, J.B. (2002). Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Theories and Analyses. New York: Oxford University Press. Scharff, M.M. (2005). Understanding WorldComs Accounting Fraud: Did Groupthink Play a Role? Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies. Sims, R.R. (1992). Linking Groupthink to Unethical Behavior in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics (11), 651-662.

Buddy Rich Essays

Buddy Rich Essays Buddy Rich Paper Buddy Rich Paper World War 2 he enlisted for the Marines but once the war ended he began to play the drums once again. Rich is also known for his short temper. He would explode on fellow musicians. He was recorded while going off on his band members which was exposed to the public. Rather than knowing him for his wonderful talent he was known for his short temper and disrespecting his band. Many believe that Rich would express himself in such a manner to demonstrate to younger musicians that he took his work serious and he didnt tolerate anyone who wasnt serious about music like he was. Unfortunately Buddy pasted away in Los Angles, California on April 2, 1 987 due to a chemotherapy. In December of 1 938 Rich joined Artier Shaw, a famous jazz bandleader and clarinetist. During this time period big bands were the musical phenomenon in the LLC. S. , and Shaw was one of the best. Rich made the band swing as it never had before. Besides being great musicians both Shaw and Rich were disliked by many. Rich had an advantage because the Shaw orchestra would appear on a weekly radio show where he was recognized by other musicians. The following year Rich was hired by bandleader Tommy Dorset. Dodders band had a young singer named Frank Sinatra. Both Sinatra and Rich traveled on tours together but both men had similar personalities which caused them to clash with one another. Rich didnt have much luck with the Dorset band because their style of music was very different to what Rich was used to playing. Buddy Riches drum kit is very unique. The kit sticks faithfully with the sizes Buddy played pretty much throughout his long career. The only unusual item y modern standards is the bass drum, which, at axs, is relatively shallow, reflecting the big band era Buddy grew up in. Riches rum set was custom made for him and was made in a different era so many parts are different or have different material to drums that are made now. Although his anger issues, Rich was one of the best drummers in mankind. Is said to be that there hasnt been anyone like him. His legacy will live weather being the hot headed drummer or being an excellent drummer WI an exclusive gift like his.

Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S

Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S By Maeve Maddox Should one write â€Å"Jesus’ name† or â€Å"Jesus’s name†? Which is correct, â€Å"Travis’ friend† or â€Å"Travis’s friend†? The questions on the use of the apostrophe to form the possessive keep coming. This post is about how to form the possessive of a proper name that ends in -s. Most stylebooks agree that the rule for forming the possessive of a singular noun ending in -s is formed by adding ’s: the boss’s birthday the bus’s wheels the witness’s testimony When it comes to forming the possessive of a proper name that ends in s, guides disagree. Some stylebooks recommend a single apostrophe for Biblical or classical names like Jesus and Achilles, but ’s for names like James and Charles; others say, â€Å"Treat all names ending in s the same.† The Chicago Manual of Style once recommended a single apostrophe to form the possessive of Biblical or classical names: Moses’ tent Achilles’ helmet Jesus’ name Some guides still recommend this usage, but CMOS has changed its policy in a spirit of consistency; now it recommends that all proper names ending in -s form their possessive by adding ’s: Moses’s tent Achilles’s helmet Jesus’s name Travis’s friends Dickens’s novels Descartes’s philosophy Franà §ois’s efforts Tacitus’s Histories Kansas’s legislature Euripides’s tragedies the Ganges’s source Equally consistent, the Associated Press Style Book opts for a single apostrophe for all proper names ending in -s: Moses’ tent Achilles’ helmet Jesus’ name Travis’ friends Dickens’ novels Descartes’ philosophy Franà §ois’ efforts Tacitus’ Histories Kansas’ legislature Euripides’ tragedies the Ganges’ source The New York Times style manual generally agrees with CMOS, but adds this wrinkle: Omit the  s  after the apostrophe when a word ends in two sibilant soundsseparated only by a vowel sound:  Kansas’ Governor;  Texas’ population;  Moses’ behalf But when a name ends with a sibilant letter that is silent, keep the possessive  s:  Arkansas’s Disagreement on the issue of apostrophe s vs. plain apostrophe goes all the way to the Supreme Court. Justice Clarence Thomas believes that the possessive form of a name like his should be formed by adding only an apostrophe: â€Å"Justice Thomas’ opinion.† Referring to the case Kansas v. Marsh (2006), Thomas wrote â€Å"Kansas’ statute,† but his colleague Justice Souter wrote â€Å"Kansas’s statute.† If you write for publication, how you treat the possessive of proper names that end in -s will be determined by your employer’s house style. If you are free to choose which style to follow, keep in mind that the writer’s goal is to convey thoughts as clearly as possible to readers. Style guides exist to assist writers in this goal, but it seems to me that there are problems with the recommendations of all three guides mentioned above. I prefer the guidelines given in the Penguin Guide to Punctuation: A name ending in s takes only an apostrophe if the possessive form is not pronounced with an extra s. Hence: Socrates’ philosophy, Ulysses’ companions, Saint Saens’ music, Aristophanes’ plays. The reasoning behind this rule is that as we don’t say [sok-ru-teez-iz], there’s no reason to write â€Å"Socrates’s.† Punctuation is supposed to aid readers, not puzzle them. It’s no help to readers unfamiliar with English pronunciation to mislead them into trying to say [dick-inz-iz], or [u-rip-uh-deez-iz] by writing â€Å"Dickens’s novels† or â€Å"Euripides’s plays.† The bottom line is that stylebooks do not agree on whether to write â€Å"Jesus’ name† or â€Å"Jesus’s name,† â€Å"Travis’ friend† or â€Å"Travis’s friend.† Writers not bound by a specific style manual must make their own decision and be consistent with it. Personally, I’d write â€Å"Jesus’ name† and â€Å"Travis’s friend† because I would say â€Å"[jee-zus] name† and â€Å"[trav-is-iz] friend.† Related Post: Charles’s Pen and Jesus’ Name Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouAnyone vs. EveryoneTypes of Plots

One-Tailed Test or a Two-Tailed Test Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One-Tailed Test or a Two-Tailed Test - Assignment Example If there were foreknowledge that there was no expected difference, it would be absurd to collect the data and do the analysis. In this case scenario, the comparison is between two groups of people in which one has received oxygenation medication whereas the other one has not.   Jackson (2011) asserts that the use of one tailed analysis is predicated upon a high certainty prior to the data collection that either there is no difference or a difference exists in a certain area of the entire population. In the event that the data analysis ends in showing the existence of a difference in the incorrect region, it then becomes automatic that the difference is attributable to random sampling. This consideration or assumption is done without giving due thought to the possibility that true difference might be a reflection of the measured or calculated difference (Urdan, 2005). The Probability That Group I Is Different from Group 2 and the Significance Against the Benchmark of P < .05   Acc ording to Rasch, Kubinger, and Moder (2011), the null hypothesis can only be rejected when the t-static from tables is less or greater than t critical two-tail value gotten after computation. Therefore, if the test statistic is less than -2.12 or greater than 2.12, the null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis adopted instead.   The test statistic is 0.899, which falls into the rejection region, so the null hypothesis is not rejected, which states that there is no difference between the means from the two samples.  

A woman's right to choose abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A woman's right to choose abortion - Essay Example Though most of the people think that abortion is a moral concern but it is a constitutional issue as well. It is a legal right of women to decide what they want to do with their body and their life without any interference or influence from any other individual. The ninth amendment of the United States of America’s constitution states that: â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.† (9th amendment of U.S. constitution). This amendment guarantees the right to have an abortion to the women. Women are legally allowed to have an abortion up to the end of first trimester. If a woman is willing to have an abortion then no one according to the constitution has the right to stop her. It is her private issue and she has complete legal authority to take a decision about it. If anyone goes against the constitution and tries to stop her then he legally is worthy of a punishment. The pro-l ife movement view abortion as a murder and a moral issue. They argue that a woman having an abortion is killing a life. But this not the case as up till the first trimester the fetus is not a baby. So women have complete liberty to have an abortion according to the constitution.

Married Lifestyle vs. Single Lifestyle Essay Example for Free

Married Lifestyle vs. Single Lifestyle Essay There are advantages and disadvantages to being married or single. Some married couples share every aspect of their lives including, work, children and marital related issues while some may opt to have a joint bank account . While this may help each spouse financially, one person always has to consent with the other before making any serious purchases. However, single people don’t need anyone’s consent nor do they have to share. Children are another thing married couples and single people have to consider. Having children can be a great thing, especially with someone there to help share the responsibility of raising those children. Whereas, single people may ultimately struggle with things such as, child care, the cost of raising a child on their own, and being the responsible party. Goals are also a big factor, because some married couples have a hard time agreeing on or reaching common goals. A single person is only responsible for their own goals and how they choose to reach them. Over time, the passion may seem to cool in married couples. The couple may not be as sexually active as they once were due to the routine each lives. They may be busy with work or kids, or unfortunately, simply desensitized to one another. Some married couples work on keeping their sex life interesting. On the other hand, it isn’t hard for a single person to keep things interesting and new in the bedroom, because they may have as many sexual partners as they please, and this may seem fun. But sometimes, for them the work is finding the right sexual partner. In a marriage, not only could you have sex when you want, but you can enjoy intimacy as well. According to [Eve Prajonyud, Single Versus Married Life-Pros and Cons] â€Å"The cons of both lifestyles differ from person to person. If you are involved in a bad marriage than single life will seem like a dream come true. Likewise, if you are unable to find someone to spend your time with, then you will likely feel lonely and frightened no matter how successful your life is. The key to weighing the differences is actually in enjoying the lifestyle you have while you have it.† (Eve Prajonyud) People living single lifestyles have freedom to do what they want . For instance, if they were offered a well-paying job a thousand miles away from where they lived, they could simply take the job and move without anyone else to consider. Married couples don’t have that same option. The goals of married couples and single people may be different. For example, a married couple may be saving up money toward the goal of purchasing a bigger house in the future, for a growing family. They may be working toward a better lifestyle than they started with as a newlywed couple. They might attain a degree together or maybe just save up for a couples vacation . Single people may choose to focus completely on their career, instead of a family. Their main goal may be reaching top status in their profession before focusing on a family. Their goal may also be to attain a degree, or saving money to travel or buy a house. There may be a difference in the career choices of married and single people. For instance, married couples may have to work around each other’s schedule and still have time to spend with one another. Single people don’t have to worry about that if that happen to have a job or career that is very time consuming. Both lifestyles can be challenging in many different ways. Whether it’s children, sharing, or setting individual or marital goals. Works Cited Prajonyud, E. Single Versus Married Life. Retrieved on April 1, 2013 from www.professorshouse.com.

Analysis Of Primary Colors Essay -- essays research papers

Politics is a bloodsport, one big game of corruption, muckraking, prostitution, and defilement, which is played by the politicians, the media, and the seemingly innocent public that tends to forget that politicians are humans also, no better than the masses except for one thing, the ability to play the game. Primary Colors by Anonymous portrays this fraudulent game perfectly, exhibiting all of the dark aspects of a political campaign: from the vicious media in their pursuit of scandals, to the traitorousness of opposing candidates to destroy each other, all the way to the secretive sexual interactions taking place during the campaigning process. Yet in this vice-corrupted novel, Anonymous also manages to let the human side of the tainted politicians shine through, showing that they are imperfect, that they have flaws and weaknesses, and that they make mistakes in exactly the same fashion as all other human beings do. It is with these decadent political figures, Jack Stanton and Fredd y Picker, that Anonymous in Primary Colors shows that there is still a nobleness to politics, a dedication to the voters, a love of the political game, and a human compassion in all of it. It is important to mention the definition of noble in order to avoid misunderstanding the word, for according to the Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia, the definition of noble is â€Å"stately and imposing; of magnanimous nature,† and referring to The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, noble means â€Å"characterized by or indicative of virtue or magnanimity; high minded; imposing of appearance; grand; impressive† (475). Both definitions of the word noble imply that a person can have a noble appearance and that a person’s main objectives and actions are noble, but one should keep in mind that even noble people are not perfect people. This is especially true with the characters of Jack Stanton and Freddy Picker. Jack Stanton’s appearance, especially when he is presenting himself to the public, doing what he loves best—mingling with â€Å"the folks,† is noble. The public looks up to him, â€Å"he was a big fellow† (Anon., 1) and the manner in w hich he interacts with the people, his meaningful handshakes and physical contact to them, truly listening to them, always remembering their names, and considering them friends is exemplary of nobleness. On the other hand, Freddy Picker’s appearance is completely different, a trim... ...le confessing to Stanton that he is afraid of the media’s power to destroy his life, and Stanton immediately rushes to hug him, rocks him gently, and kisses him on the top of his head while Picker cries on Stanton’s chest (495). The action speaks for itself: two grown men, tough political figures, becoming as loving and caring as a mother with her child--true human compassion. Even in the fierce and heartless business of politics, certain noble human attributes such as a dedication to the public, a love of the game of politics, and the compassion shared in this sport are necessary for politicians, such as Jack Stanton and Freddy Picker, to succeed. Through Primary Colors, Anonymous truly depicts their imperfections, defects, and addictions in such manner that the reader realizes that these characters can not be perfect just because they are politicians. Although political figures are in the public eye, they are human like every other person and the pressure and demand to be faultless by the public is unreasonable and superlative. Politician’s imperfection is best summarized by Anonymous’ character, Jack Stanton: â€Å"This is about the ability to lead. It’s not about perfection† (503).

Report on Recruitment and Selection Processes Essay

Healthcare United is an organisation that endeavours to employ the best healthcare professionals. They aim to be the number one Healthcare professionals in Australia, currently employs 1500 Healthcare professionals in VIC and NSW and they wish to widen their operation and open another office in Hobart. Comparing the newly developed 2012 Healthcare United recruitment and selection policy and relevant legislation, I have identified some basic problems still existing in the 2012 recruitment and selection guidelines. Through a detailed analysis on the recruitment and selection procedure, Healthcare United can improve the procedures and the overall process. Timeframes The policy in 2007 has an estimated timeframe of 30 days plus. This is now within a whole timeframe of 2 – 3 weeks maximum. There really needs to be a specific timeframe so Managers can be guided with that, in the 2007 guidelines the managers knew for example that reporting a position vacant had to be done in 2 – 3 days, this could drag out the initial starting process without this timeframe for each process. I feel each process needs a timeframe to keep the processes in the timely manner not just casual 2 – 3 week maximum timeframe, this is outdated compared to current research and practice. Personnel The manager and HR are involved. Analysing the vacant position should already be done by the Manager of department, there should be a template already done for all positions. This would speed the process up and can then be advertised as soon as the Manager notifies HR of the position vacant within their department. Approval of the position to be advertised should be done at this point. Documentation The Manager and HR complete the â€Å"permission to recruit form† together in the 2007 policy, however there is no mention of this in the 2012 policy which could lead to confusion at a later date, documentation should be recorded from the start of the process to the employment of the new employee. Policy should be in place at every process. Training & Support Managers are offered the support for HR in training of personal in 2012 policy, however nothing is mentioned in the policy about the processes of how this will be done? There needs to be a clear process of this as new employees will be asking what it is and how it is conducted? There is no mention of training in the 2007 Guidelines for training either and no mention of induction processes. The manager of each department should be able to identify knowledge, skills, abilities and competencies required for each employee. Support systems needed to implement policy and procedure. Eg: change to the workplace physical setting or new equipment. This all comes under the WHS legislation. Monitoring and Evaluation Mangers should be monitoring and evaluating there department in an ongoing manner, this should be recorded and updated in a formal document or record management system? In the 2007 guidelines and the 2012 policy nothing is mentioned about these processes at all? This is outdated for policies compared to current research and practise. Any monitoring and evaluation tools used must be accessible to relevant employees, valid and reliable and also comply with relevant legislation. Recommendations Position vacant analysis – needs to be conducted by managers and then approved by senior management and paperwork to be provided for each and every position as per 2007. HR not managers to deal with legislative and award requirement needs not managers. Position Description – It must be current and as accurate as possible. Templates reviewed on a quarterly basis for each position, and make sure they are in line with current legislation and it is listed within the advertisement. Timeframes – Estimated timeframes for each process need to be added to the policy as it was with the 2007 policy. This will give a clear indication of what the correct process and timeframes that will and are expected to maintain the outcome required in the specified time stated. Personnel – HR and managers – the lines of each duty in the selection process are not clearly identified it is uncertain what the managers duties are and what the HR departments are, so is contrary to 2007 guidelines? For example does the Manager short  list and short though resumes? Special exemptions to internal recruitment This is not in line the EEO legislation. Managers create advertisement with the support of HR for HU newsletter on intranet. Managers send advertisement with the support of HR advertisement to publications department to post on the intranet. Documentation – I suggest documentation being done for each position vacant and that the position be analysed by the Manager to determine whether the position is still required to be filled by a new employee or for example the duties can be provided and divided amongst current employees or only a part time employee? This should be every time a position becomes vacant. A process with documentation is imperative. Training and Support HR is in charge of the whole procedure in 2007 guideline, it should be the manager’s duty with some support from HR as stated in 2012. Monitoring and Evaluation Senior managers will sign off on the position description; and give approval of position this is consistent with the 2007 policy. Position descriptions are developed by managers using a position description template and Senior or HR management to sign off on position description and approve. Advertisement include: Position title – should be an updated template of each position title including: Key tasks and objectives with required targets. Qualifications required Skills, knowledge, attributes and experience WHS requirements Terms and conditions Advertisement Advertisement does not have a timeframe however the whole process needs to be completed in 2 – 3 weeks, maximum. But in Healthcare United’s 2007 policy, position must be advertised internally and externally for 10 working days. It is contrary to 2012 as in 2007 all positions were firstly advertised internally for a minimum of ten working days and then will be advertised externally for another 10 working days. The 2007 procedure is too long.  There is no mention to comply with the anti-discrimination legislation mentioned in either policy? Shortlist The 2012 policy states the managers will conduct most of this work? With the support of HR department, processes need to be clear on who is responsible for each process of the selection process? In the 2007 Guideline the HR department did the shortlisting and reading of all of the applicants, after a shortlist has been complied I think they then should be sent to the manager to decide who he/she would like to interview for the position. The internal applicants will go through the same application procedure as per EEO legislation. Administration staff to collate all resumes and give to managers. Managers to read and screen each external and internal application and divide them into ‘yes’, ‘no’ and ‘maybe’ piles and decide on the shortlist to interview. Managers then collate all documentation from short-listed applicants. Managers organise administration staff to send all external applicants not short-listed are standard letter by post or email. I nterview documentation and preparation Should be prepared by the manager with assistant from admin staff. Manager organises interview panel, two members of HR department with one of the HR members being the chairperson. Manager chooses and advises the staff member of their role as ‘expert’ and requests that they think of three job related interview questions. Position description Resumes for each shortlisted candidates Consent to check and release police record form. Standard interview questions for HR members of interview panel. Interview assessment forms for interviewers. Use checklists for documentations. Interview Applicants Selection panel consist of two HR members and one staff member of job related department, with Chairperson being the HR member. It is contrary to 2007 because all the responsibilities are of Managers. It is outdated as current research says that the interview must involve the managers. It does not comply with the current legislation either. Knowledge of relevant equal opportunity, fair work, privacy and anit-discrimination legislation is required within the panel. Interview Applicant To be conducted in a comfortable and quite location Food and beverages for interview panel Interview schedule and timing needed. Managers and HR to organise interview documentation as listed above. Chairperson greets candidate and makes introductions. Chairperson opens interview. Manager and HR member of panel ask applicant a series of standard interview questions. Manager from job-related department ask three question Chairperson asks applicant if they have any question Chairperson informs the candidate of the process. Panel thank candidate for attending Panel complete an interview assessment Panel select applicant Gain approval from senior management subject to reference check. Reference check Reference checking should be done by managers according to 2012 policy while in 2007 it was done by HR. Reference checks are an important part of the selection process. Healthcare united reference check must be conducted on both internal and external applicant by the managers and support of HR department. Procedure: Obtain applicants permission Phone workplace of applicant and speak to manager/referee. Introduce self and organisation and purpose of call. Only ask standard questions about applicant’s knowledge and job related skills, competencies, knowledge and attributes. Job offer The job offer is to be finalised by the department manager. It can be verbal offer made quickly in order to ensure preferred candidate is hired. A verbal offer of employment and a candidates verbal acceptance creates a contractual relationship. Any negotiation on employment terms and conditions must be on a ‘Without Prejudice† basis. Procedure: HR department organise written contract to be drawn up with terms and conditions. Administration to post or email contract to applicant.  Upon receiving of the signed contract HR post new employee advice about induction program. A letter of engagement will then be issued including, start date, position, hours or work and pay and entitlements. Conclusion The 2012 recruitment and selection process will take a maximum of 2-3 weeks. However, the 2007 recruitment and selection process has an estimated time of 35+ days, which is far too long for the stream lined 2012 policy. Even though it takes a much longer time in the process, the 2007 policy has included procedures into recruiting and selecting which is more accurate and detailed, which has a higher chance of recruiting the best possible healthcare professionals. This means they can have the best possible human resources so they can provide the good quality service. With all the existing problems in 2012 recruitment and selection process identified, Healthcare United should adopt the recommendations made above to make the recruitment and selection process more efficient and effective and in line with all current legislation. The policy should further specify what training needs to be undertaken and how it is to be supported. Identify training needs of workforce

Foundations of Online Learning Essay

We are in an age where electronic devices have consumed our lives. You can’t even think of leaving your home or office without some kind of electronic gizmo. Think of how these electronic devices and technology have changed the way we think, computers and portable devices are doing all the thinking for us. Students today rely on these gizmos and have forgotten about the core fundamentals of learning and are not learning the basic skills. As you read through this research paper I will cover electronics in today’s schooling, lack of penmanship, social bearers, and online schooling. Walk into any school classroom today and they are filled with laptops, projectors, smart boards, and other electronic gizmos. Schools are relying more and more on technology to teach our students. There is nothing wrong with technology, but have strayed a way of teaching the basic fundamentals of spelling and writing. Computers today have embraced our classrooms with kids becoming accustomed to them in everyday life. Between September 1984 and September 1997 alone, the number of computers in America’s K-12 schools increased to more than 8 million units. By 2014 it is expected there will be over one billion computers available to students worldwide. In 1994 only 3% of schools had internet access, by 2005 that number had reached 94% and the ratio of students to instructional computers with Internet access in public schools was 3.8 to 1. Even with all these high tech gadgets, children still having to go to computer labs or the back of classrooms (Budig 2010). Books are starting to become a thing of the past as schools look to laptops, tablet, and eBook computers. Tablet computers allow a student to digitally write and erase their work, while allowing a student to also use it as a computer to do word processing, view books and search internet. A laptop just allows a student to do word processing, view books and the internet. Over the last couple of years a new device called an eBook has taken over. It is allowing schools to replace classroom books with one device, the average eBook can store over 160 books saving schools millions of dollars. California spends over 350 million annually on schools books and is looking to eBooks which cost only 300.00 (Tran 2009). Today kids are turning in their pencils for keyboards. Penmanship is starting to become a lost art as schools teach less writing and focus more on computer keyboarding. In 1995 adults were resorting to printing instead of cursive to make their correspondence understood. As of 2002 only a quarter of 12th grade students could write a decent essay. Even worse only 2 percent wrote really well (Brush 2011). In Canada children in first grade are expected to compose and edit simple text documents. By the third grade they are expected to type an email. â€Å"If it’s keyboarding vs. penmanship, I think penmanship loses out, just because of the packed curriculum. It’s something that you need time to do,† says Susan Whelehan, an elementary school teacher in Toronto (Schmidt, 2005). Students are relying more on computers today to do the work for them and practicing penmanship less. Social media and video games have taken over our lives and kids are interacting less with each other. Fifteen years ago kids would play outside and use their imaginations, today they sit in front of a TV or computer. On average 2-5 year old spend 32 hours a week in front of TV while 6-11 years old spend 28 hours (Boyse, 2010). According to the â€Å"Kaiser Family Foundation that for more than 7 1/2 hours a day, American children ages 8 to 18 are tethered to computers, plugged into MP3 players, watching TV or playing video, computer or handheld games — and for much of that time, doing several at once† (Healy, 2010). With all that time kids are also turning to sites like Facebook and MySpace. These sites are causing kids to stay in front of a computer which they are losing interaction with children and causing social barriers. Online learning has taken over the classroom with its flexibility to teach students. Schools have come a long way from the slide shows and reel-reel video, today they have turned to Computer Based Training (CBT) and Multi Media. In 2004 it was estimated that 37 percent of school districts had students taking technology-supported distance education courses. Today over a million high school students are enrolled in some kind of distant learning. CBT training has become a standard in training students from reading to math and has been very effective. CBTs give a student a fun way to learn without them knowing it. Flexibility is the key with CBTs. If students are having trouble in one area the program can focus more, if a student is excelling it can push the student harder. CBTs have become a great assessment tool for teachers and allows them more flexibility. Another great tool in the classroom has been slide shows and smart boards. Years ago teachers would print material out on transparencies and project them on screens. Today teachers can build slideshows which provide more detail and flexibility. When you incorporate a smart board this allows the ability of interaction with the slideshow. Over the past 20 years our learning environment has seen a complete over all. We demand information at our fingertips and on a moment’s notice. Electronic devices fill our daily lives from social media, information at our fingertips, and having them do simple tasks. We have become a nation that wants things easy. Our lives are disrupted if we can’t check Facebook every minute of the day. With that technology has done great things for our schools but has hindered some also. Students are relying on computers to do everything for them and we are losing key elements of learning. Penmanship, spelling, and grammar have been lost to word-processing. Teachers are being replaced to Computer Based Training, but with new technology changing everyday you never know what maybe robot teachers is next! References Schmidt, S. (2005, January 22). Keyboard threatens writing skills: For next generation. The art of cursive writing may be a dying one. The Gazette. Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=8422&sr=lni%284F9K-YHB0-TWD3-Y248%29 Budig, G. A. (2010, March 31). Technology an integral part of today’s education system. Retrieved from http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2010/mar/31/technology-integral-part-todays- education-system/ Tran, M. (2009, June 09). Arnold Schwarzenegger to scrap school textbooks in favour of ebooks. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/09/arnold-schwarzenegger-school-textbooks-ebooks Brush, D. C. (2011, September 06). Penmanship becoming a lost art. Retrieved from http://crossville-chronicle.com/opinion/x601175799/RANDOM-THOUGHTS-Penmanship-becoming-a-lost-art Boyse, K. C. (2010, August). Television and Children. Retrieved from http://crossville- chronicle.com/opinion/x601175799/RANDOM-THOUGHTS-Penmanship-becoming-a-lost-art Healy, M. (2010, August). Teenage social media butterflies may not be such a bad idea. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/18/science/la-sci-socially-connected-kids-20100518

Free Essays on Madison Federalist #10

Federalist Number 10 Throughout our lives we have been raised to believe in democratic government by the people and for the people. We are taught that a person’s view and will are expressed through majority rule. However the truth is the founders of our very constitution were very fearful of majority rule. One man in particular was James Madison, who composed Federalist #10 in order to deal with the possible problematic interest groups label factions. Madison was concerned that this new nation was being torn apart by factions with non legitimate views, which directly threatened the public good. According to Madison a faction was a group of people united and activated by a common desire for certain fervors and interests. The concern was however those factions were a direct result from the different classes that exist within our society, and that class was determined by amount of land owned. This was a problem due to the massive amount of land throughout the nation that poor farmers owned, which cre ated this idea that since they were in the same social level they would have similar interest and ideas. They feared this since now the rich land owners were not at risk, given that they were the minority group. And according to Madison an overbearing majority will end up destroying the rights of others. However Madison knew that liberty could not be destroyed. He knew that the main object of the government was to not destroy the â€Å"diversity in the faculties of men,† but to protect these very abilities or capacities. Madison knew that he would not be able to â€Å"cure† a faction completely, and the idea of controlling one opinion was thought of as non democratic itself. He also knew that equalizing property was not an option since that would undermine the â€Å"right of property†. The fact is taking away liberty or equalizing property was simply out of the question, and would be a complete heresy. So instead of attempting to elimina... Free Essays on Madison Federalist #10 Free Essays on Madison Federalist #10 Federalist Number 10 Throughout our lives we have been raised to believe in democratic government by the people and for the people. We are taught that a person’s view and will are expressed through majority rule. However the truth is the founders of our very constitution were very fearful of majority rule. One man in particular was James Madison, who composed Federalist #10 in order to deal with the possible problematic interest groups label factions. Madison was concerned that this new nation was being torn apart by factions with non legitimate views, which directly threatened the public good. According to Madison a faction was a group of people united and activated by a common desire for certain fervors and interests. The concern was however those factions were a direct result from the different classes that exist within our society, and that class was determined by amount of land owned. This was a problem due to the massive amount of land throughout the nation that poor farmers owned, which cre ated this idea that since they were in the same social level they would have similar interest and ideas. They feared this since now the rich land owners were not at risk, given that they were the minority group. And according to Madison an overbearing majority will end up destroying the rights of others. However Madison knew that liberty could not be destroyed. He knew that the main object of the government was to not destroy the â€Å"diversity in the faculties of men,† but to protect these very abilities or capacities. Madison knew that he would not be able to â€Å"cure† a faction completely, and the idea of controlling one opinion was thought of as non democratic itself. He also knew that equalizing property was not an option since that would undermine the â€Å"right of property†. The fact is taking away liberty or equalizing property was simply out of the question, and would be a complete heresy. So instead of attempting to elimina...

Quotes From A Passage to India by E.M. Forster

Quotes From A Passage to India by E.M. Forster A Passage to India is a famous modern novel by E.M. Forester. Set during the English colonization of India, the novel dramatically depicts some of the conflicts between the Indian people and the colonial government. Here are a few quotes from A Passage to India. So abased, so monotonous is everything that meets the eye, that when the Ganges comes down it might be expected to wash the excrescence back into the soil. Houses do fall, people are drowned and left rotting, but the general outline of the town persists, welling here, shrinking there, like some low but indestructible form of life.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 1On the second rise is laid out the little civil station, and viewed hence Chandrapore appears to be a totally different place. It is a city of gardens. It is no city, but a forest sparsely scattered with huts. It is a tropical pleasaunce washed by a noble river.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 1They all become exactly the same, not worse, not better. I give any Englishman two years, be he Turton or Burton. It is only the difference of a letter. And I give any English woman six months. All are exactly alike.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 2He has found out our dinner hour, thats all, and chooses to inter rupt us every time, in order to show his power.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 2 A Mosque by winning his approval let loose his imagination. The temple of another creed, Hindu, Christian, or Greek, would have bored him and failed to awaken his sense of beauty. Here was Islam, his own country, more than a Faith, more than a battle cry, more, much more.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 2Islam an attitude towards life both exquisite and durable, where his body and his thoughts found their home.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 2That makes no difference. God is here.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 2As he strolled down hill beneath the lovely moon, and again saw the lovely mosque, he seemed to own the land as much as anyone who owned it. What did it matter if a few flabby Hindus had preceded him there, and a few chilly English succeeded.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 2I want to see the real India.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 3Come on, Indias not as bad as all that. Other side of the earth, if you like, but we stick to the same o ld moon.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 3 Adventures do occur, but not punctually.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 3In England the moon had seemed dead and alien; here she was caught in the shawl of night together with earth and all other stars. A sudden sense of unity, of kinship with the heavenly bodies, passed into the old woman and out, like water through a tank, leaving a strange freshness behind.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 3It is easy to sympathize at a distance. I value more the kind word that is spoken close to my ear.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 4No, no, this is going to far. We must exclude someone from our gathering, or we shall be left with nothing.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 4No, it was not picturesque; the East, abandoning its secular magnificence, was descending into a valley whose farther side no man can see.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 5Because India is part of the earth. And God has put us on the earth in order to be pleasant to each other. God is love.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 5 he did not realize that white has no more to do with a colour than God save the King with a god, and that it is the height of impropriety to consider what it does connote.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 7A mystery is only a high sounding term for a muddle. No advantage in stirring it up, in either case. Aziz and I know well that India is a muddle.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 7Aziz was exquisitely dressed, from tie-pin to spats, but he had forgotten his back-collar stud, and there you have the Indian all over; inattention to detail, the fundamental slackness that reveals the race.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 8 Her hand touched his, owing to a jolt, and one of the thrills so frequent in the animal kingdom passed between them, and announced that their difficulties were only a lovers quarrel.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 8And when the whole world behaves as such, there will be no more purdah?- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 11But he [Aziz] himself was rooted in society and Islam. He belonged to a tradition, which bound him, and he had brought children into the world, the society of the future. Though he lived so vaguely in this flimsy bungalow, nevertheless he was placed, placed.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 11All the love he felt for her at the Mosque welled up again, the fresher for forgetfulness.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 13You keep your religion, I mine. That is best. Nothing embraces the whole of India, nothing, nothing and that was Akbars mistake.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 14But suddenly, at the edge of her mind, Religion appeared, po or little talkative Christianity, and she knew that all its divine words from Let there be light to It is finished only amounted to boum.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 14 I have had twenty five years experience of this countryand twenty five years seemed to fill the waiting room with their staleness and ungeneroisityand during those twenty five years, I have never known anything but disaster result when English people and Indians attempt to be intimate socially.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 17They are not to blame, they have not a dogs chancewe should be like them if we settled here.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 18They had started speaking of women and children, that phrase that exempts the male from sanity when it has been repeated a few times.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 20But every humane act in the East is tainted with officialism, and while honoring him they condemned Aziz and India.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 20The sound had spouted after her when she escaped, and was going on still like a river that gradually floods the plain. Only Mrs. Moore could drive it back to its source and seal the broken reserv oir. Evil was loose...she could hear it entering the lives of others.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 22 Her Christian tenderness had gone, or had developed into hardness, a just irritation against the human race; she had taken no interest at the arrest, asked scarcely any questions, and had refused to leave her bed on one awful last night of Mohurram, when an attack was expected on the bungalow.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 22As soon as she landed in India, it seemed to her good, and when she saw the water flowing through the mosque tank, or the Ganges, or the moon caught in the shawl of night with all the other stars, it seemed a beautiful goal and an easy one.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 23by what right did they claim so much importance in the world and assume the title of civilization?- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 24Ronnys religion was of the sterilized Public School brand, which never goes bad, even in the tropics. Wherever he entered, mosque, cave or temple, he retained the spiritual outlook of the fifth form, and condemned as weakening any attempt t o understand them.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 28 The poem for Mr. Bhattacharya never got written, but it had an effect. It led him towards the vague and bulky figure of a mother-land. He was without natural affection for the land of his birth, but the Marabar Hills drove him to it. Half closing his eyes, he attempted to love India.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 30Suspicion in the Oriental is a sort of malignant tumor, a mental malady, that makes him self-conscious and unfriendly suddenly; he trusts and mistrusts at the same time in a way the Westerner can not comprehend. It is his demon, as the Westerners is hypocrisy.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 32Thus Godbole, though she was not important to him, remembered an old woman he had met in Chandrapore days. Chance brought her into his mind while it was in this heated state, he did not select her, she happened to occur among the throng of soliciting images, a tiny splinter, and he impelled her by his spiritual force to that place where completeness can be found.- E.M . Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 33 My heart is for my own people henceforward.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 35Then you are an Oriental.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 36But the horses didnt want it-they swerved apart; the earth didnt want it, sending up rocks through which riders must pass single file; the temples, the tank, the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion, the Guest House, that came into view as they issued from the gap and saw Mau beneath: they didnt want it, they said in their hundred voices, No, not yet, and the sky said, No, not there.- E.M. Forster, A Passage to India, Ch. 37

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Final Exam - Essay Example Another very realistic story which everyone in class talked much about was, â€Å"One Friday Morning† written by Langston Huges, this story is about a teenage girl who attains success after her art talents are exhibited in a contest, but everything changes and people start treating her badly because she is a black girl. The subject matter of the story is that racism should not be the cause of discouraging people in achieving what they want, and every one should be treated equally irrespective of their class, creed or color. Another story which caught our interest in class and which we enjoyed reading was â€Å"Fish Cheeks† written by Amy Tan, it is about a Chinese girl who is in love with the son of an American minister, her mother invites the ministers family over for the Christmas eve but she feels ashamed of the way her family acts in front of them. The lesson we learnt from it was that everyone should be proud of their culture because everyone has their own cultural values. All these stories were different in their own manner but they taught all the students something important about life and people. Another really interesting assignment, which we got and interested us, the most was comparing two essays â€Å"Where are you going, where have you been & Fish Cheeks† with the movie â€Å"Stand by me†. Both of the essays and the book are about evolution between youth and adulthood, when one can try new things and is still able to blame his or her actions on immature scruples. Teenagers often get caught up in a stipulation of inquisitiveness where finding themselves becomes predictable. The dissimilarities between the two were that they were not about racism, and the movie is about four best friends who take an overnight hike through the woods near their town to find the body of a boy whos been missing for days, where as the essay Where are u going where have u been is about a

HRM processes and practices in UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HRM processes and practices in UAE - Essay Example UAE has significantly developed in the recent past and in a very short period of time it has become an example of economic growth. UAE has been attracting investment from all around the globe and it is being considered one of the best avenues for business expansion. The analysis conducted in the paper would try to provide sufficient foundation for the fact that UAE is a suitable avenue for the expansion of business. Socio-Political Background of UAE UAE has been providing routes to international business for centuries and it has been providing access to 1.5 billion consumer markets in West Asia, Africa and East Europe. Thus, it can be said that UAE has been a suitable avenue for international business expansion for a very long time. However, in the recent past, the infrastructural development in UAE has made the country even more feasible for business expansion in the UAE. The economic development in the country makes investment in the country profitable in short term. Over the past 26 years, the economy of the country has swelled by more than six times. In numerous cases, the investment in a business in a country does not turn out any profits for years however the accelerated economic activity in the UAE ensures that investment in the country would turn out profits in a shorter period of time (Oxford Business Group). The political environment in UAE is also feasible for business expansion as the visionary leadership of the UAE is diverting all its efforts towards industrial and economic development in the country. The leadership of the UAE has been really encouraging towards international businesses who intend to invest in UAE. Therefore the political environment of UAE is feasible for the establishment of business in the country. The country is one of the top producers of oil and this fact adds up to the feasibility of the country as a business expansion avenue. Dubai International Airport offers 300 flights on a daily basis to and from around 100 destination s therefore managing a business in UAE would not be a problem since it would be possible to be available in the UAE at any time. Business Environment in UAE Due to the increased economic development in the recent past, UAE has become the center of attention for international investors. A number of international business have started operating in UAE and due to presence of organizations from all around the world, the business environment in UAE is not static. The business environment in UAE is dynamic and it responds towards the increasing international investment in the country. The following factors would shed some light upon the business environment in UAE: Organizational Structure The organizational structures in the UAE are dynamic as business can have complete foreign ownership. Local businesses have an Eastern influence therefore they have hierarchical structures, however it is not necessary for all the organizations to have a hierarchical structure and the line of command can be shortened by adding channels of communication among different levels (Hvidt, 2007). Industrial Relations Industrial relations in UAE are influenced by the political environment of the country. UAE is a federation therefore there are no political parties or elections. Due to lack of any political pressure, the industrial relations are not founded upon unions or any political parties. Due to the increasing economic developm

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The legislation states that redundancy can happen on the part of the employer when he or she ceases to run a business which tends to employ a large number of people. Again the employer may happen to change the place of business activity for which employees residing in one area may turn redundant to the corporation. The employer may also feel that there is less requirement of employees pertaining to a certain segment and thus tends to reduce the number of people in such segments. Finally the employer may also decide to cease the business segment in operation where the employees redundant were previously employed. However the above cases reflect situations which cannot be taken as legitimate from the legal standpoint and hence requires some procedural followings. (Taylor, 2005, p.360-361; Gernard and Judge, 2005, p.329). Process Firstly the employer is asked to consider the different feasible alternatives like conducting layoffs or putting employees in short term contracts rather than making them fully redundant. However if it is felt that redundancy is the only option then the employer is required to act on such in an unbiased manner whether conducted on a group or in regards to some specific individuals. The employer is required to render some salient points or objectives for which redundancy is best chosen. Secondly in regards to making specific employees redundant the employer is required to render a written declaration to them stating the rationale for which the company desires to cease their employment. Such employees are also required to be invited for gaining their views on such. However in cases where in 20 or more employees are made redundant then adequate rationale is required to be put to the body called Department of Business as well... According to the essay findings these happenings of redundancy are often related to the degradation of the productivity factor of the employees. Further the Employment Rights Act of 1996 in practice in United Kingdom states hints many factors which are related to the cause of redundancy. The legislation states that redundancy can happen on the part of the employer when he or she ceases to run a business which tends to employ a large number of people. Again the employer may happen to change the place of business activity for which employees residing in one area may turn redundant to the corporation. The employer may also feel that there is less requirement of employees pertaining to a certain segment and thus tends to reduce the number of people in such segments. As the research declares the best employment practices based on the Civil Rights Law of the European region pertain to abolishment of discriminatory practices in regards to different races, gender differences and also differences based on employment of people pertaining to different religions. Thus the employers of United Kingdom focus on strictly abiding by such legislations to help sustain a clean and productive atmosphere in the work zones. Discrimination based on gender and race differentiations are strictly avoided and also protection is rendered to help minorities work in a productive manner along with other employees.

Pre-match competitive anxiety

Pre-match competitive anxiety Pattern of Pre-Match Competitive Anxiety in Elite Male Rugby Union Players. 1. Introduction Significant progress into the understanding of anxiety in sport has been made in recent years with the aid of research by such researchers at Burton (1988), Gould et al. (1987) and Martens and Gill (1976). In turn this has enabled sport psychologists to gain a deeper understanding into what causes competitive anxiety and the way in which athletes cope with it (Jarvis, 2006). The ability to cope with anxiety in all sports is essential as it could make the difference between winning and losing a competition. 1.1 Identifying the Problem There is a lack of research into the effects of anxiety on sporting performance, especially in male rugby. In team sports it is particularly important to breakdown all aspects of the performance. The key issues researched in this paper are somatic and cognitive anxiety. From research it is clear that the failure to control these areas leads to unsuccessful teams (Yerkes Dodson, 1968; Feltz, 1988; Martens et al., 1990; Cox, 1998; Weinberg Gould, 2007). 1.2 Research Aims and Questions The main aim of the research is to examine the pattern of pre-match competitive anxiety in elite male rugby union players. With the use of the CSAI-2 and interviews, the effects that anxiety has on sporting performance will be investigated. There are three questions to be answered in this research piece: How does cognitive state-anxiety affect sporting performance? What affects does somatic state-anxiety has on sporting performance? How can self-confidence affect the level of sporting performance? According to LeUnes (1996), developments in the literature written around anxiety have focused on the multidimensional nature of the phenomenon. Therefore, all results will be analysed and compare with the predictions proposed by the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory by Martens et al. (1990) which is explained in the Methodology section. 1.2 Importance of Research The findings from this research will be beneficial to coaches as they will provide a better understanding of how anxiety levels affect performance. The research will also be important to athletes, in this case rugby union players, as they will gain a deeper understanding into the reasons behind their feelings of anxiety and self-confidence. By gaining a further understanding in this area, performance levels can be increased with the aid of appropriate preparation during training and before matches. Coping strategies could also be introduced to the players to enable them to control their levels of anxiety prior to matches. 1.3 Context The research for this research project will take place at a local amateur rugby club. The club was set up in July 1898 and just before the Second World War the land was purchased and the pitches were laid. By 1975 the club had a fully erected club house with squash courts. The club consists of 6 senior teams; Colts, Ladies, Vikings, Rhinos (Veterans), Wanderers and 1st XV. There are also teams for youth boys from U7 through to U17, and U15 and U18 teams for girls. The selected team for research is the 1st XV mens team. Although the research is being carried out in this local rugby club, the results and findings can be applied to any other sports club across the country. The level and gender of the club or team will however make a difference to how the players react to certain situations. 1.4 Outline of the Study This research will be split further into five further chapters: Chapter Two: Literature review in which I will be developing an overview of the field. Chapter Three: Methodology will explain how I set out to investigate my research and why I chose the methods used. Chapter Four: Results will present the findings of the research piece in chart form. Chapter Five: Discussion Analysis explains what I found out during the research project. It will relate them back to my literature review and compare them to the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory. Chapter Six: Conclusion will explain my findings and close up the research project. 2. Literature Review This literature review will be written in four sections. Each one will be looking into the effects of anxiety on performance in sport. Section one will look at the definitions of trait and state anxiety and self confidence. Section two will be looking into the research around anxiety and its effects on performance, both positive and negative. The third section will be investigating the causes of anxiety; fear of failure, parental, peers and coaches influences, social physique anxiety, and location. The final section will be exploring the characteristics of anxiety during performance in sport. Objective and Data Sources This research project provides an insight into the affects of anxiety on the performance of a selected rugby team. Database searches were done using SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and EBSCOhost in order to find significant literature. The key words rugby, anxiety, performance, coaches, location, parents, and team were entered into the databases to bring up relevant articles. Only appropriate, peer reviewed data was extracted for this review. 2.1 Trait and State Anxiety, and Self-Confidence. Anxiety can be defined as, A state in which the individual experiences feelings of uneasiness (apprehension) and activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to a vague nonspecific threat. (Barry, 2002:p230; Carpenito-Moyet, 2006:p11). Anxiety is viewed as an enduring personality factor or trait referred to as A-trait (Davies, 1989:p70). 2.1.1 Trait Anxiety Trait anxiety is part of the personality, an acquired behavioural tendency or disposition that influences behaviour (Weinberg Gould, 2007:p79). Individuals with a high level of trait anxiety have a tendency to regard certain situations as threatening, and respond to these with an increased level of state anxiety (Spielberger, 1971). For example, two hockey goal keepers are of the same standard yet one has a higher level of trait anxiety and finds pressure of saving the goals too much. This leads to him displaying higher levels of state anxiety. Anxiety is also viewed as a temporary state, A-state which is evoked by particular situations (Davies, 1989:p70). 2.1.2 State Anxiety State anxiety can be defined as an emotional state characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of apprehension and tension, accompanied by or associated with activation or arousal of the autonomic nervous system (Spielberger, 1966:p17). For example, the level of an athletes state anxiety will change during a rugby match. Before the game the player may have a high level of state anxiety, during the game it may lower as they settle into the game, and finally during the last few minutes of a tight game it may rise again. State anxiety can be split further into cognitive state anxiety, and somatic state anxiety (LeUnes Nation, 1996). In support of this proposal that the two aspects of state anxiety can be dealt with as independent constructs, both Burton (1988) and Gould et al. (1987) have proven through research that sporting performance is affected by the type of anxiety being measured. Cognitive anxiety can be defined as the mental component of state anxiety caused by such things as fear of negative social evaluation, fear of failure, and loss of self-esteem (Cox, 1998:p98). Somatic anxiety refers to the physiological and affective elements of the anxiety experience that develop directly from autonomic arousal (Martens et al., 1990:p6). Somatic anxiety is shown in responses such as increase in heart rate, breathlessness, sweaty palms, and muscular tension (Martens et al., 1990; Morris et al, 1981; Cox, 1998). Research by Hanton et al., (2000) examined the cognitive and somatic anxiety levels in 50 rugby players and 50 target rifle shooters. Hanton et al. (2000) concluded that rugby players were more likely to report that somatic anxiety had a positive impact on their sporting performance. However, the target rifle shooters reported that it had a negative impact on their performance. Somatic and cognitive anxiety can be tested using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) developed by Martens et al. and first presented in 1982. 2.1.3 Self-Confidence Vealey (1986) defined sports confidence as the amount of confidence athletes possess about their ability to be successful in sport. Vealey (2001) suggested that self-confidence can be more traitlike or statelike depending on the time that it is measured. In essence, confidence might be something that an individual feels on a particular day (state self-confidence), or it might be part of their personality (trait self-confidence). Research carried out by Hall et al. (1998), suggests that self-confidence is closely related to perceived ability and is depressed with the onset of competition due to the increase in anxiety. As explained in literature by Horn (2008:p66), self-confidence is rooted in beliefs and expectations. If overall self-confidence is low and the player(s) expect something to go wrong, they are creating a self-fulfilling prophecy (Weinberg Gould, 2007). This means that expecting something to happen actually helps it to happen. For example, if a team thinks that they will lose the upcoming match because they lost last time they stand a greater chance of losing than winning. The expectation of failure leads to actual failure, which lowers self-image and increases expectations for future failure (Weinberg Gould, 2007:p323). 2.2 Anxiety and Performance. As a result of the development of the CSAI-2, the Multidimensional Theory of Anxiety has been recognised in the field of sport psychology (McNally, 2002). The Multidimensional Theory of Anxiety is based on the idea that anxiety is comprised of two distinct parts; cognitive and somatic (as defined in section 2.1). Both of these components have different effects on performance and can be manipulated separately in any occasion (Burton, 1998; Cox, 1998; McNally, 2002). The Multidimensional Anxiety Theory predicts that cognitive state anxiety is negatively related to performance. However, the theory predicts that the somatic state anxiety is related to performance in an inverted U shape which can be seen in Appendix 1 . Certain levels of anxiety can be advantageous for the performers, but only but to a certain level. Beyond this level the anxiety causes performance to decline (Martens et al., 1990; Hanin, 2000; Weinberg Gould, 2007). According to Endler (1978), there are five factors that can be responsible for an increase in state anxiety in an athlete; threat to an individuals ego, threat of personal harm, ambiguity, disruption of routine, and threat of a negative social evaluation. A high level of anxiety is disadvantageous for optimum performance in competitive sport (Davies, 1989:p71). This is demonstrated by the fact that more anxious individuals generally do worse in important events compared to less important events and practise sessions. This is supported by research carried out by Martens et al. (1990), Martin Gill (1991), and Eys et al. (2003). Martens et al. (1990) suggests that somatic anxiety has an Inverted-U shaped relationship with performance, whereas cognitive anxiety has a negative linear relationship with performance as shown in Appendix 2 . Similar results had been found by Parfitt and Hardy (1991). They found that there were both positive and negative effects for somatic anxiety during performance related activities just before an important event or match during the time that cognitive anxiety was at a high level (McNally, 2002). Anxiety can be a huge setback for many athletes, especially those who take part in individual sports, such as tennis singles, and for those who play in exposed positions, such as goalkeepers in hockey (Davies, 1989). Research has proven that there is an optimum level of anxiety for maximum performance. It was also proven that both high and low levels of anxiety are related to poor levels of performance (Yerkes Dodson, 1968; Feltz, 1988; Martens et al., 1990; Cox, 1998). According to research carried out by Martin and Gill (1991), a players level of anxiety varies depending on how important or challenging the match or competition is. More able players will therefore not be so adversely affected by high levels of anxiety, where as less able players will be as they see the match as challenging and good results will seem unrealistic. Sigmund Freud (1962) did a lot of research into anxiety. In 1962 he focused on the anticipatory nature of anxiety. From this research he concluded that some individuals expect to win or fail, and therefore become more or less anxious according to their expectations. An important piece of research into state anxiety among successful and unsuccessful competitors who differ in competitive trait anxiety was carried out by Martens and Gill (1976). From the research they concluded that the individuals who maintained low levels of A-state throughout the competition were highly successful. This supports the research carried out by Martens (1990) and Parfitt and Hardy (1991) with the Inverted-U shaped relationship between anxiety and performance. Anxiety, therefore is a central factor in performance in competitive sport (Davies, 1989:p72). It is exasperating and disheartening for a talented and committed sportsman when their performance crumbles during competition due to over-anxiety. This is avoidable if the individual is suitably prepared emotionally and emphasis is on the learning and enjoyment of the game. However, this could be difficult to enforce with a professional sportsman who may potentially have external rewards undermining intrinsic motivation (Weinburg and Gould, 2007). 2.3 Causes of Anxiety. This section will be looking into the issues surrounding the causes of anxiety in sports performers. These will include fear of failure, parental, peers and coaches influences, and event importance. Relevant literature has been reviewed and presented in the section below. 2.4.1 Fear of Failure For many people, sport is an important arena in which ones ability, motivation, and personality are scrutinized and evaluated by other people (Leary Kowalski, 1995:p122). Whenever individuals step onto the sports field they are at risk of showing themselves in an unflattering perspective. They may worry about displaying signs of being out of shape, unskilled, incompetent and unable to handle pressure to their fans, teammates, coaches and family (Passer, 1983; Davies, 1989; Leary Kowalski, 1995; Jarvis, 2006). Research by Pierce (1980) concluded that youth sport participants worried more about making mistakes and underperforming than getting hurt and what others thought of them. One of the most potent causes of anxiety is the fear of failure (Davies, 1989:p73). This fear of failure would also be connected with the loss of prestige and humiliation. Research by Passer (1983) supports this theory as he found that fear of failure is a major cause of threat in competitive-trait-anxious children. This fear of failure can be evident in superior performers as there is an increased pressure to perform well when playing a less able opponent. Losing to a lower ranked team or player could be humiliating and result in a loss of prestige and reputation (Davies, 1989; Leary Kowalski, 1995). The player may have the ability and skills to win the match, but due to their constant worry of how they are going to perform they end up underperforming (Passer, 1983). However, for professional athletes this adverse affect of anxiety on performance will be less as they have learnt to cope with such situations and are able to deal with them accordingly. An example of a highly skilled player is Roger Federer (aged 27). Federer met the young Spaniard, Rafael Nadal (aged 22) in the Wimbledon finals in 2008. Federer was the current Wimbledon champion and had held the title for 5 consecutive years; this would have been his 6th World Championship title. Federers defeat could have been due to the excessive amount of media coverage before the match adding to the pressure of him winning yet another title against a younger competitor. At the same time, the pressure would have equally been placed on Nadal to knock Federer off the top spot. Federer commented after the game Its not a whole lot of fun, but thats the way it is. I can only congratulate Rafa for a great effort (BBC Sport, 2008).The game was incredibly close; 6-4, 6-4, 6-7(5), 6-7(8), 9-7 (BBC Sport, 2008), and has gone down in history as the longest ever Wimbledon final. 2.3.2 Parental, Peers and Coaches Influences Parents and coaches can sometimes be far too pushy and ambitious and in turn increase the stress and anxiety levels within the athlete. According to Jarvis (1990), it is apparent that both high and low expectations of performance can be linked to levels of anxiety. The over-concern and high levels of anxiety shown by anyone close to the athlete is likely to heighten their anxiety also, and in turn could damage the chances of success. Too much pressure from teachers, coaches and family can add tremendously to competitive anxiety (Jarvis, 1990: p118). Passer (1983) concluded from his research that highly anxious individuals are very worried about performing badly as this will bring about criticism and disapproval from their peers, parents and coaches. However, Smith et al. (1979) developed a coach-training program designed to help coaches create an environment for the athletes to feel comfortable and less anxious in. The Coach Effectiveness Training gives the coaches the skills and ability to create a socially supportive environment through frequent use of positive reinforcement, encouragement, and technical instruction, while discouraging the use of punitive behaviours (Smith et al., 2006:p492). Smith et al. (1995) discovered through research that there were significant reductions in performance-anxiety among children who played for a coach that had experienced the Coach Effectiveness Training. The children who were exposed to trained coaches showed a decrease in levels of anxiety over the season, whereas the other group who were exposed to untrained coaches showed an increase on the Sports Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS) (Smith et al., 2006). A frequent source of anxiety is the presence of spectators; these can be friends, family, coaches or even complete strangers. Sometimes performance is enhanced, sometimes it deteriorates and sometimes there is little discernible difference (Davies, 1989:p83). According to literature the performance of stable and confident players usually improves when an audience is present, whereas that of anxious players tends to decrease (Weinberg Gould, 2007; Jarvis, 2006; Martens et al., 1990). Research also shows that the effect of an audience on superior players is positive, and for the less able player the audience presents them with an increase in anxiety and stress which in turn causes them to underperform. According to work carried out by Haas and Roberts (1975), Martens and Landers (1972) and Green (1983) the perceived role of the observer is an important factor for the athlete or performer. It has been suggested that if the observer occupies an important, judgmental role then this gener ates feelings of anxiety. The researchers found that on the other hand, if the spectators are seen as being positive and supportive, for example a coach, they will be generally welcomed by the performer. 2.3.3 Event Importance. The more important a sporting event is, the more stressful we are likely to find it (Jarvis, 1990: p118). However, it is important to remember that it is the importance of the event to the individual that is counts, not the status of the competition. An event may seem insignificant to most people but may be important to an individual (Weinberg Gould, 2007). An example of this could be that an individual is competing against their old club team; there would be an increased desire to perform well and potentially beat them. Research carried out by Sanderson in 1977 on 64 of the best badminton players in England aged between 18 and 21; found that the perceived importance of the competition was a significant factor leading to A-State reactions (Sanderson, 1981). Marchant et al. (1998) conducted an experiment with pairs of golfers. The golfers were either competing for three new golf balls, or a pair of new golfing shoes. Obviously, the golf shoes made the competition into a high importance one, and therefore the players experienced more anxiety than those competing for the golf balls. An example of a player who was able to cope with the increase in anxiety is Jonny Wilkinson who took a drop goal to win England the 2003 Rugby World Cup in the final play of the game. If Wilkinson had been affected by the anxiety and pressure of the level of competition, he may have missed the goal. 2.4 Anxiety: Performance Characteristics. In sporting competitive situations, the anxious performer tends to become over-aroused, tense, and far too worried to perform to the best of their ability. The increase in muscle tension can interfere with coordination causing the performance levels to decrease (Burton, 1988; Smith et al., 2006; Weinberg Gould, 2007). The feeling on inadequacy and lack of self-confidence hinders the sporting performance (Davies, 1989). For example in a competitive rugby match a player who suffers a high level of anxiety may lack confidence when going in for a tackle. This could result in the player passing him and scoring a try, but most probably resulting in injury as they are not fully committed to the tackle. The highly anxious person is slower to react in the stressful competitive situation than he is in the relatively relaxed conditions of practice (Davies, 1989:p75). During tense, crucial parts of the match the over-anxious player may show unforced errors; for example in rugby they may miss a penalty kick and in tennis a double-fault may be played. Unforced errors may occur during the match; this can include forward passes, a knock-on, or a late tackle. 3. Methodology In order to achieve the objectives of this research project, a variety of appropriate research methods have been chosen, using both primary and secondary data. Before research was collected it was important to establish a research process which acted as a framework throughout the research project. During this chapter the strengths and weaknesses of the potential research method is discussed and only the suitable and most relevant have been selected for this study. 3.1 Paradigm Rationale There are two broad research traditions; qualitative which answers questions such as why and how, and quantitative which answers questions such as what and when ( See appendix page 27 table) (Gratton Jones, 2004). As I am interested in researching a particular phenomenon I mainly carried out quantitative data collection. I measured how anxiety affects performance, both positively and negatively within the mens 1st XV at Reading Rugby Football Club. It was decided to mix quantitative data with qualitative data to make the research more credible and valid. Many researchers such as Nau (1995) and Jayaratne (1993) have suggested that blending qualitative and quantitative methods of research can produce a result highlighting significant findings from each. Henderson et al. (1999) suggests that using anecdotes and narratives to support quantitative data can provide clarity to the findings. Linking the two types of data can give a bigger picture of the issues around the subject. During this research project, quantitative data was collected to provide numerical data from a large sample, whereas the qualitative data collected provides rich data from a smaller sample (Gratton Jones, 2004). 3.2 Research Approach The research question Pattern of pre-match competitive anxiety in elite mate rugby union players includes elements taken from both an inductive and deductive approach to research. When researching around the subject of how anxiety affects performance, a deductive approach appears to be more appropriate to the research project as it was unnecessary for the researcher to come up with a new theory. A large amount of research has already been carried out into the affects of anxiety on sporting performance, evident in the literature review. For this piece of research the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory proposed by Martens et al.,(1990) was used. The theory is based on the idea that anxiety is comprised of two distinct parts; cognitive and somatic. The Multidimensional Anxiety Theory predicts that cognitive state anxiety is negatively related to performance, and that the somatic state anxiety is related to performance in an inverted U suggesting that there is an optimum level of anxiety (Weinberg Gould, 2007; Burton, 1998; Cox, 1998; McNally, 2002). 3.3 Participants For this research into the effects of anxiety on performance, the mens 1st team of the amateur Reading Rugby Football Club was chosen. They were chosen as there is the opportunity to meet with the meet every week. From talking to the players it is apparent that the club has a mixture of professions; students, army personnel, mechanics, and business men. However, they all have one passion, and that is rugby. The ages of the players range from 18 to 38 years. There is a variety of experiences within the team; some players are in their first season of National 3 level rugby, whereas a number are in their fourth of fifth season at this level. Training takes place on a Tuesday and Thursday from 7:30pm until 9:30pm. During this time the players train, have physiotherapy (if it is needed), and they also have a meal together before going home. The amount of time that the team spends together off the pitch is vital for the development of team cohesion. 3.4 Data Collection During this research project, data was collected using both questionnaires and interviews. This section will look at questionnaires and interviews separately explaining the different types of question, and the advantages and disadvantages of both. 3.4.1 The Questionnaire Survey Following the research in Chapter 2, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 has been chosen for this research. The inventory is a sport-specific, self-report that has been proven to be a reliable and valid measure in competitive situations of cognitive and somatic state anxiety and self-confidence. The CSAI-2 consists of a three 9-item subscales that measure cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence (Burton, 1988). Each of the 27 questions are rated on a 4-point Likert scale from not at all to very much so. The questionnaire was administered during the final hour before competition over a period of 14 weeks. The scores collected on each of the three scales provided a reference point from which to examine the rugby players patterns of multidimensional anxiety. 3.4.1.1 Types of Questionnaires According to Gratton and Jones (2004) questionnaires are possibly the most common method for collecting data in sports-related research. A questionnaire is simply a standardised set of questions to gain information from a subject (Gratton Jones 2004: 115). Questionnaires are associated with quantitative research where data is required from a large sample group. In this case the questionnaires measure the anxiety levels of the 1st XV team before matches. There are three types of questionnaire; postal, telephone and face to face questionnaires. Postal questionnaires are given or posted to the participants who then complete them in their own time; they are then posted back to the researcher. Telephone questionnaires are completed by the researcher while talking to the participant over the telephone. Face to face questionnaires are completed with both the participant and researcher in the same location. For this research the most appropriate way to collect data was to hand out self-completion questionnaires that were carried out face to face. Handing out the questionnaires saves postal and telephone costs, and also time. This was the best way for the researcher to collect the data that was needed before summarising it using tables and graphs (Gratton Jones, 2004). 3.4.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Questionnaires Advantages A well designed questionnaire provides little opportunity for the introduction of bias into the results. However, a badly designed questionnaire can sometimes lead to bias data, and therefore using questionnaires does not automatically mean that there is a reduction in bias (Thomas et al, 2005; Gratton Jones, 2010). The use of a questionnaire enables the participant to remain anonymous. This is advantageous when researching sensitive issues such as violence, drugs and, in this case the personal issue of anxiety. Enabling the participants to remain anonymous may increase the validity of the researchers results. As the CSAI-2 is being used the research has been provided with a well-structured means of collecting quantitative data.